Basic Computer Maths

Basic Computer Math


Conversion of Numbers of Different Bases to Decimals

Consider the number 97531.

This is really: 9×10000 + 7×1000 + 5×100 + 3×10 + 1.

This can also be written as: 9×104 + 7×103 + 5×102 + 3×101 + 1×100.

There is nothing special about why we use base 10 except that humans have ten fingers.


In the world of electronics, the natural base is two, because it only has two states: on and off. We use “1” to signify on, and “0” to signify off. This is referred to as the “binary system.”

Example 1: Consider the binary number 1101011001.

To convert this to its decimal equivalent, we rewrite it as:
1×29 + 1×28 + 0×27 + 1×26 + 0× 25 + 1×24 + 1×23 + 0×22 + 0×21 + 1×20.

Or:
1×512 +1× 256 + 0×128 + 1×64 + 0×32 + 1×16 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 0×2 + 1 = 857.


Computational Devise “A”

Powers of 2 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Digits 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Their Product 512 256 0 64 0 16 8 0 0 1

Their sum: 512 + 256 + 0 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 857


Suppose we were to use another base, say “b.” That would mean that the numbers representing the amounts multiplying their powers would range from “0” to one less that the base, i.e. “b-1.” For example, in base ten, these numbers range from “0” to “9.” That is why in base two we only have “0” and “1.” The commonly used base in Information science is base sixteen, or hexadecimal (“hex” means six and “deci” refers to tenth).



Example 2: Consider the base four number (1023)4. Notice the numbers range between “0” and “3,” the subscript “4” indicates the base of the number.

1×43 0×42 + 2×41 + 3×40
1×64 + 0×16 + 2×8 + 3×1 = 73

Powers of 4 256 64 16 4 1
Base 4 Digits 1 0 2 3
Their Product 64 0 8 3

Adding the digits in the last row: 64 + 0 + 8 + 1 = 73


Example 3: (647)8

6×82 + 4×81 + 7×80
6×64 + 4×8 + 7×1 = 73

Powers of 8 512 64 8 1
Octal Digits 6 4 7
Their Product 384 24 7

The sum of the digits in the last row 384 + 24 + 7 = 73


Notice that we have chosen bases that are powers of two. Those are the numbers that followed the progression within computer science. Because it is more convenient to use higher bases to represent quantities because it requires less space, or slots, to do so. The final base that the computational progression settled on was base sixteen or hexadecimal. Using base16, the range of numbers multiplying the powers of the base have to range between “0” and “fifteen.” However, it was decided to represent the amounts from “ten” to “fifteen” by the letter A, B, C, D, E and F (i.e. A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, C=14 and F=15).


Example 4: (D3)16


D×161 + 3×160
D×16 + 3×1 = 13×16 + 3×1 = 209

Most of the hexadecimal numbers used in computer math will only have two places, thus representing numbers from 0 to FF (or 0 to 255).

Conversion of Decimals Numbers to Different Bases

Consider the number 97531.

Computational Devise “B”

Base Divisor Dividend/Quotient Remainder
10 97531
10 9753 1
10 975 3
10 97 5
10 9 7
0 9

Check:

Powers of 1 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
Decimal Digits 9 7 5 3 1
Their Product 90000 7000 500 30 1

The sum of the digits in the last row is:

90000 + 7000 + 500 + 30 +1 = 97531


Notice how when you divide each dividend the remainder is the quantity that multiplies the base to the next lower power. And when you have a quotient of “0” you have finished, and the final remainder is the quantity that multiplies the highest powered base.


Example 5: Convert the decimal number 25 to its binary equivalent.

Base Divisor Dividend/Quotient Remainder
2 25
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1





Check:

Powers of 2 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Digits 1 1 0 1 1
Their Product 16 8 0 0 1

The sum of the digits in the last row 16×1 + 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1 = 25



Example 6: (48307)10

Base Divisor Dividend/Quotient Remainder
16 48307
16 3019 3
16 188 11
16 11 12 = C
16 0 11 = B

Check:

Powers of 16 4096 256 16 1
Hexadecimal Digits B = 11 C = 12 11 3
Their Product 45056 3072 176 3

Their sum 45056 + 3072 + 176 +3 = 48307














Hexadecimal Equivalents to the Decimal Numbers 0–255

Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex Dec Hex
0 0 32 20 64 40 96 60 128 80 160 A0 192 C0 224 E0
1 1 33 21 65 41 97 61 129 81 161 A1 193 C1 225 E1
2 2 34 22 66 42 98 62 130 82 162 A2 194 C2 226 E3
3 3 35 23 67 43 99 63 131 83 163 A3 195 C3 227 E3
4 4 36 24 68 44 100 64 132 84 164 A4 196 C4 228 E4
5 5 37 25 69 45 101 65 133 85 165 A5 197 C5 229 E5
6 6 38 26 70 46 102 66 134 86 166 A6 198 C6 230 E6
7 7 39 27 71 47 103 67 135 87 167 A7 199 C7 231 E7
8 8 40 28 72 48 104 68 136 88 168 A8 200 C8 232 E8
9 9 41 29 73 49 105 69 137 89 169 A9 201 C9 233 E9
10 A 42 2A 74 4A 106 6A 138 8A 170 AA 202 CA 234 EA
11 B 43 2B 75 4B 107 6B 139 8B 171 AB 203 CB 235 EB
12 C 44 2C 76 4C 108 6C 140 8C 172 AC 204 CC 236 EC
13 D 45 2D 77 4D 109 6D 141 8D 173 AD 205 CD 237 ED
14 E 46 2E 78 4E 110 6E 142 8E 174 AE 206 CE 238 EE
15 F 47 2F 79 4F 111 6F 143 8F 175 AF 207 CF 239 EF
16 10 48 30 80 50 112 70 144 90 176 B0 208 D0 240 F0
17 11 49 31 81 51 113 71 145 91 177 B1 209 D1 241 F1
18 12 50 32 82 52 114 72 146 92 178 B2 210 D2 242 F2
19 13 51 33 83 53 115 73 147 93 179 B3 211 D3 243 F3
20 14 52 34 84 54 116 74 148 94 180 B4 212 D4 244 F4
21 15 53 35 85 55 117 75 149 95 181 B5 213 D5 245 F5
22 16 54 36 86 56 118 76 150 96 182 B6 214 D6 246 F6
23 17 55 37 87 57 119 77 151 97 183 B7 215 D7 247 F7
24 18 56 38 88 58 120 78 152 98 184 B8 216 D8 248 F8
25 19 57 39 89 59 121 79 153 99 185 B9 217 D9 249 F9
26 1A 58 3A 90 5A 122 7A 154 9A 186 BA 218 DA 250 FA
27 1B 59 3B 91 5B 123 7B 155 9B 187 BB 219 DB 251 FB
28 1C 60 3C 92 5C 124 7C 156 9C 188 BC 220 DC 252 FC
29 1D 61 3D 93 5D 125 7D 157 9D 189 BD 221 DD 253 FD
30 1E 62 3E 94 5E 126 7E 158 9E 190 BE 222 DE 254 FE
31 1F 63 3F 95 5F 127 7F 159 9F 191 BF 223 DF 255 FF

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1. Remember to use the stop loss efficiently while day trading.


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Term Plan is The Best Plan

The primary objective of life insurance is to provide financial protection for your family in case of policy holder’s death. It helps you to ensure that your family and loved ones will have sufficient money to fulfill their needs in your absence also.   Term plan is the pure form of life insurance or in other words we can tell that it is a pure risk cover plan in which the insured pays a lower premium for a higher sum assured. Term insurance is the cheapest among other forms of life insurance; it helps the policy holder to insure himself for a larger amount at a relatively low premium. As we mentioned earlier insurance is not a place to park your investments, the ultimate objective of insurance is to provide financial assistance to your family in your absence. Term plan helps you to cover your life with a very less premium, so that you can invest the major part of your savings in some other productive investments. If a person is return sensitive investor or he is looking for returns from his investments, term plans are not suitable for them. Most of the term plans doesn’t give any returns if nothing happens to the life insured. There are some plans it return the premiums paid if the individual survives the tenure.   Term plans are cheaper than other kinds of insurance because of their lean cost structure. In term plan’s premium only administration expenses and the mortality charges are covered. There is no savings element in the premium charged to the insured. As a result of this, if the insured were to survive the term of the plan, he gets no returns. In fact the premiums paid towards this plan are entirely written off if no eventuality occurs during the tenure of the plan. Only in case of an eventuality your nominee will receive the sum assured. At the same time if you are considering insurance as an investment you have to go with Endowment plans or ULIPs. But here the charges will be very high because these plans will impose allocation charge, fund management charge, etc. apart from the mortality charges and administration charges. In life insurance terminology, endowment plans are referred to as ‘with-profits plans’. They cover the individual’s life in case of an eventuality; if he survives the term he receives the maturity amount. In the happening of the individual’s demise, his nominees receive the sum assured with accumulated profits/bonuses on investments. In case the individual survives the tenure, he receives the sum assured and accumulated profits/bonuses. As a whole life Insurance is a powerful tool to cover your unforeseen risks that can affect your family in your absence. It also works as a saving instrument which can help you in planning for your children’s education, daughter’s marriage, pension, retirement benefits or for any other defined objectives. Factors you should consider before buying term insurance are:  1.    Adequate Sum Assured. 2.    Rider benefits. 3.    Claim History of the company you are purchasing insurance. 4.    Competitive Pricing. 5.    Administrative Costs. Types of Term Insurance policies Term insurance policies can be classified into different types, some of the major categories of term insurance are listed below; ·         Single-premium term policies ·         Regular-premium term policies ·         Term policies with return of premium ·         Loan cover term insurance Single-Premium Term Policies Single Premium Term policies are those there you have to pay the premium in a lump sum amount. The policy will cover your life for a predefined term. This plan helps you to escape from the burden of paying the premium every year. Pay the premium once and forget, it will give you cover for a predefined term. Compared to regular premium plans the premium will be high in this plan because you are paying money only once where as in regular premium plan you will be paying the premium every year. Regular-Premium Term Plans Regular-Premium Term Plans offers you the option to pay the premium on a yearly basis. If you don't want to make a huge one-time payment, go for this option. You will have to pay the premium every year till the end of the insurance term. Term Policies with Return of Premium Normally in Term plans, if the policy holder survives the policy term nothing will be returned to him. You will lose all the money that you have paid. But in this plan you get back all the premiums you paid. It could be with or without interest. Biggest advantage of this plan is if you survive the maturity, no money is lost. But you have to pay a heavy premium every year, it will be much more than the regular premium policies.   Loan cover Term Insurance This policy is meant for the people those who have taken home loans. The insurance amount will be equivalent to the outstanding loan amount. It gradually decreases, in the same proportion, as the loan amount is paid back. The premium here works just like the Equated Monthly Installment (EMI) of the home loan. It stays constant through the repayment period. This kind of policies assures the insured that, in an eventuality like death, his/her family will not be burdened with the repayment of heavy debt.

Advantages of Term Life Insurance over other Insurance

Term Life Insurance has the following advantages

·         Helps to Settle Loans

·         Flexible Duration

·         Inexpensive

·         Investment

·         Suitable for Satisfying Particular Requirements

Helps to Settle Loans

Loans are generally repayable over a period of years. When an insured takes a loan for car or house or other movable and immovable properties he is under the responsibility to repay it over a period of time. During such circumstances an insured can take a term loan in order to ensure that his dependents have sufficient cash to repay them in the event of his unexpected death in that period.

Flexible Duration

This is the only type of life insurance policy whereby an insured can insure his life for a period small duration like one year. This type of lenience will help the insured to properly plan and assign the sum required to make the payments. In the absence of such flexibility the insured will be enforced to oblige with the time limits set by the company for the respective policy.

Inexpensive

Even though term insurance premiums increase over a period of time they are still considered inexpensive when compared with other kinds of policy. Cheap term life insurance does not mean that the consumer will lose quality or benefits. This can help the customer even to save money in the initial stages which he/she normally pays in other policies. On the contrary when the premiums are increased the insured will be able to make use of the cash mounted up to pay the remaining premiums. In the meantime the earlier deposits would have earned interest as well. Therefore the customer will be able to obtain cheap life insurance quotes.

Investment

Compared to a whole life insurance policy, term life insurance policy costs are very cheaper. It helps you to invest your money in some other productive investments where you are invested.  This means that you can invest your money yourself instead of depending on the insurance company. Insurers are typically very conservative when investing your money, so by taking a term life insurance policy you can enjoy more freedom in choosing the investments.

Suitable for Satisfying Particular Requirements

Term insurance is not only useful for settling loans but also for others particular requirements. Suppose a person wants to build a house or fund his child's education in an expensive university he can place targets and invest in a term insurance for that particular period. This will help him to meet critical events which would have otherwise been very difficult.

Drawbacks of Term Life Insurance

Some of the disadvantages of term life insurance are as follows:

·         Premiums Increase with Age

·         Temporary Protection

Premiums Increase with Age

Term insurance policies require the insured to pay a lower amount in the beginning; as a person gets older he needs to pay a higher amount of premium. This will show to be a difficult task if the person is not able to allocate funds regularly. In addition the insured may have more commitments and some of them might be unexpected. Therefore the concept of cheap term life insurance seems to be a myth when a person is not able to meet the policy demands at this stage.

Temporary Protection

In a Term Plan the insured may not be able to enjoy permanent protection like a permanent life insurance policy. The insurance policy covers risks of death only during the specific term. This places the insured in a disadvantage because if he is not able to renew the policy and pay higher premiums he will lose the protection thereafter. The insurance company will not refund the money if the insurer does not die in that particular period.

This type of insurance is observed to be the best especially when it is not possible to allocate a huge sum but at the same time the customer is badly in need of insurance. There is no precise time for term insurance; it can be for a period of 1, 5, 10 or 15 and even 30 years. The insured has to choose that particular time which is convenient for him.

6 points to remember while choosing a Term Plan

Following are the points that you should keep in mind while selecting a Term Plan.

1.    First of all understand the concept of term insurance like what is means, how it works, what are the benefits, etc.  

2.    All term life insurance companies are not the same. Try to find out the financial strength of the company you are seeking to buy from.

3.    Compared to whole life insurance, term life insurance is very cheap. It is cheaper because it is designed to cover you only for a certain period of time.  If you want to cover your whole life, term life insurance is not suitable for you.

4.    Term Life Insurance is good if you want to cover your family and your home in the event of your death. If you have a home loan, you can purchase a term insurance policy for the amount of home loan. This ensures that you family will not lose their home, in case of your premature death.

5.    You should always prefer a guaranteed renewable policy, so that your coverage cannot be terminated if you have any kind of health problems in future. If you are purchasing a guaranteed renewable policy company has the responsibility to renew the policy after the predetermined term even if you are suffering from some health problems.

6.    Choose only convertible Policy

It is very important to remember that while choosing the term insurance you should make sure that the policies are convertible, so that you can switch to other plans later if needed. If you do not prefer the convertible policy, till the end of the policy term you should have to continue with the same Term plan, you won’t be having the option to switch to another plan.

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Indian Railway Railway Reservation Enquiry     1345,1335,1330
Indian Railway Centralised Railway Enquiry     1330/1/2/3/4/ 5/6/7/8/9
 

Couriers/Packers & Movers ABT Courier - 1800 44 8585 AFL Wizz - 1800 22 9696 Agarwal Packers & Movers - 1800 11 4321 Associated Packers P Ltd - 1800 21 4560 DHL - 1800 111 345 FedEx - 1800 22 6161 Goel Packers & Movers - 1800 11 3456 UPS - 1800 22 7171 Home Appliances Aiwa/Sony - 1800 11 1188 Anchor Switches - 1800 22 7979 Blue Star - 1800 22 2200 Bose Audio - 1800 11 2673 Bru Coffee Vending Machines - 1800 44 7171 Daikin Air Conditioners - 1800 444 222 DishTV - 1800 12 3474 Faber Chimneys - 1800 21 4595 Godrej - 1800 22 5511 Grundfos Pumps - 1800 33 4555 LG - 1901 180 9999 Philips - 1800 22 4422 Samsung - 1800 113 444 Sanyo - 1800 11 0101 Voltas - 1800 33 4546 WorldSpace Satellite Radio - 1800 44 5432 Investments/ Finance CAMS - 1800 44 2267 Chola Mutual Fund - 1800 22 2300 Easy IPO's - 3030 5757 Fidelity Investments - 1800 180 8000 Franklin Templeton Fund - 1800 425 4255 J M Morgan Stanley - 1800 22 0004 Kotak Mutual Fund - 1800 222 626 LIC Housing Finance - 1800 44 0005 SBI Mutual Fund - 1800 22 3040 Sharekhan - 1800 22 7500 Tata Mutual Fund - 1800 22 0101 Travel Club Mahindra Holidays - 1800 33 4539 Cox & Kings - 1800 22 1235 God TV Tours - 1800 442 777 Kerala Tourism - 1800 444 747 Kumarakom Lake Resort - 1800 44 5030 Raj Travels & Tours - 1800 22 9900 Sita Tours - 1800 111 911 SOTC Tours - 1800 22 3344

Healthcare
Best on Health - 1800 11 8899
Dr Batras - 1800 11 6767
GlaxoSmithKline - 1800 22 8797
Johnson & Johnson - 1800 22 8111
Kaya Skin Clinic - 1800 22 5292
LifeCell - 1800 44 5323
Manmar Technologies - 1800 33 4420
Pfizer - 1800 442 442
Roche Accu-Chek - 1800 11 45 46
Rudraksha - 1800 21 4708
Varilux Lenses - 1800 44 8383
VLCC - 1800 33 1262


Insurance
AMP Sanmar - 1800 44 2200
Aviva - 1800 33 2244
Bajaj Allianz - 1800 22 5858
Chola MS General Insurance - 1800 44 5544
HDFC Standard Life - 1800 227 227
LIC - 1800 33 4433
Max New York Life - 1800 33 5577
Royal Sundaram - 1800 33 8899
SBI Life Insurance - 1800 22 9090

Hotel Reservations
GRT Grand - 1800 44 5500
InterContinental Hotels Group - 1800 111 000
Marriott - 1800 22 0044
Sarovar Park Plaza - 1800 111 222
Taj Holidays - 1800 111 825

Teleshopping
Asian Sky Shop - 1800 22 1800
Jaipan Teleshoppe - 1800 11 5225
Tele Brands - 1800 11 8000
VMI Teleshopping - 1800 447 777
WWS Teleshopping - 1800 220 777

Others
Domino's Pizza - 1800 111 123

Cell Phones
BenQ - 1800 22 08 08
Bird CellPhones - 1800 11 7700
Motorola MotoAssist - 1800 11 1211
Nokia - 3030 3838
Sony Ericsson - 3901 1111

Group Discussions (GD) - Tips

Group Discussions

Group Discussion or GD as is commonly referred to, is akin to a football game, where one has to shine himself/herself as well as take the team along.

A Group Discussion at a B-School is normally a formal discussion involving ten to 12 participants in a group. They are given a topic. After about 3-4 minutes, during which time they (the participants) collect their thoughts, the group is asked to discuss the topic for 20 to 25 minutes. B-Schools use the GD process to assess a candidate's personality traits.

Interview Tips

Interview – Quality Time:
The time that you spend with the client at the Interview, needs to be quality time. This is an opportunity for you to highlight your positive points- your strengths. The client is looking for the right skill set, attitude, aptitude and values that match with the organization.

You must make a positive impression on the client.

Ensure you know the basics:

· Client Name
· Date and time of the interview
· Position being interviewed for
· Role and Job Description
· The exact location of the company / Route Map
· Contact person and telephone number
· The name of the interviewer, his designation / panel size
· Website of the company
· Company’s Profile and Corporate culture
· Salary range as indicated by the client
· Carry a copy of your CV, 2 photographs and copies of your educational certificates and passport.
· Pay attention to you dress code and grooming

FAQs - BSNL Broadband Service

What is BSNL Broadband Service?

Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified as broadband. When connected to the Internet such a connection allows surfing or downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections. BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.

2	What is ADSL?

ADSL stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. It is a technology that allows copper telephone pairs to be used to provide a broadband connection. It provides ‘always-on’ Internet connection that is automatically established once the PC and ADSL modem are switched on.

Passport - Rules & Regulations

SOURCE : http://passport.gov.in/cochin.html
Question 1: I got my passport from Delhi. Now I have shifted to Bangalore. Should I change my address in the passport? …. If change is required, what are the documents required and how much time will it take?

Ans. It is up to you to change the address.It is always better if your passport indicates your current address. For this purpose, you need to fill up form-II and submit it along with valid proof of your residential address at Passport Office of thearea of where you reside.

Question 2. My Passport has been issued by one Passport Office.Can I apply for services in another Passport Office? Ans. Yes. You can apply for miscellaneousservices at Passport Office where you are presently residing.

Question 3. I don’t have ECNR stamp in my Passport. Can I get it on the basis of my provisional matriculation or above certificate issued by the University/Board concerned?

How to create GMail drive for file save?

 

Things you need to have:

1) gmail account

2) Gmail Drive software

Process:

1) Download Gmail Drive from (takes seconds to download)

http://www.softpedia.com/progDownload/GMail- Drive-shell-extension-Download-15944.html

2) Install the software.

3) After installing, a drive named gmail drive will be created in My Computer (just like C: D:)

4) double click on this drive, login to gmail acct. You will get a space of 2.61 GB.

4) whatever content you copy to this drive will be sent to your mail acct to which you have logged in.

The copy is pretty fast. HATS OFF GOOGLE.

How to Auto Start PC in a Scheduled Time?

Your pc must be hibernating or at standby for auto wake.

click Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> System Tools -> Scheduled Tasks.

Double-click the "Add Scheduled Task" icon to launch the Scheduled Task Wizard, and click Next. Select a program you'd like to run when your system wakes up (or u can simply select explorer.exe if u have no choice), and schedule the task. On the wizard's last page, check "Open advanced properties for this task when I click Finish" before clicking Finish.

In the resulting Properties dialog box, click the Settings tab, check Wake the computer to run this task, and click OK.

Vista, Internet Explorer and Outlook Tips

Internet Explorer

 

Is tabbed browsing cluttering up your life?
In the Tools menu, select Internet Options. In the General tab, under Tabs, click the Settings button. Uncheck the topmost checkbox, which is labelled Enable Tabbed Browsing (requires restarting Internet Explorer), and click OK. To enable the tabbed browsing function later, just go back and select this option, and save your preferences.

 

Find on the Web Page 
If you want to search for a particular word or phrase on the web page you’re viewing and can’t be bothered to read through every paragraph just press Ctrl and F together and type the word or phrase you want.

 

Display the Address bar history
A handy short cut to display the address bar history on the Internet Explorer is to press F4.

 

Open the Organize Favourites Dialog Box 
To open the Organize Favourites Dialog box, press Ctrl and B together.

 

Windows Vista

 

Search for a file in Windows Vista
One of the ways to search for a file on Windows is the Search box available in every folder. You can type in any word associated with the file you’re looking for; Windows will look for that word in the file names, file contents, and file properties of all the files in the current view. To filter your search, say by files modified on a particular date, you can type ‘modified: ’ in the Search box. Similarly, to search only by file name, type ‘name: ’.

Now launch programs by searching for them
Starting up an application was never easier or quicker. No need to go through the Start menu and then several sub-menus. Just start typing the name of the program into the bar at the bottom and have Vista bring up the name of the program you need instantly!

 

A quicker way to launch your programs
Windows Vista assigns shortcuts to all the items in your Quick Launch toolbar, on its own, depending on the icons’ positions in the sequence. So if you want to open the program whose icon is the fourth in your Quick Launch bar, just press the Windows key + 4.

 

Clear up your Windows Sidebar
Is your Sidebar cluttering up your life? To get in a little breathing room, right-click gadgets that you don’t use frequently and change their opacity settings to 40 percent. These gadgets will now fade out of view when you are not using them.

 

Set a new theme for your PC
To change your Windows Vista theme, right-click your desktop and select Personalise. Next, click Themes; in the dropdown menu, choose the theme you want, and click Apply.

 

Clean up your temporary files
If you’ve recently been doing something with your computer that generates a lot of temporary files, you may want to make sure all those files are cleaned out of your system to free up precious space. To do this, just enter %TEMP% into your Start menu search box and press Enter. The temporary files folder will open, allowing you to delete files and prevent unnecessary clutter.

 

Speed up your system
Is your PC running slowly? Go to your Power Options control panel and look for the Power Saver setting that is set at 50 percent (default setting in Vista). Change this setting to High Performance and let your PC run faster.

 

Check for memory issues with your PC
Worried about memory defects in your PC? You can use Vista’s in-built tool to diagnose issues. Enter the word “memory” into your Start menu search box, and you will be taken to the Memory Diagnostics Tool. A dialog box will open and ask you whether you want to reboot your PC immediately or later. Vista will then run the Memory Diagnostic Tool while starting up.

 

Resize icons on the fly 
If you want to resize the icons quickly in Windows Vista Explorer, press and hold the Ctrl key, and scroll up or down with the mouse wheel.

 

Faster shortcuts in Vista
Go to the Control Panel and search for the term “underline”. In your search results, you’ll get a link for Underline keyboard shortcuts and access keys. Click this, and in the next screen, go to the checkbox for Make it easier to use keyboard shortcuts. Select this. Now, whenever you go to any menu, the access keys for each function will be underlined. Pressing Alt with this key would enable the function.

 

 

Outlook

 

Track when your messages are read
If you’ve sent out an important e-mail and want to ensure that the recipient has received and read it, you can set an option in Outlook to do so. Once you’ve composed the message in Outlook 2007, go to the Options tab and the Tracking group. To know that your message was delivered, click Request a Delivery Receipt. To know that the message was read, click Request a Read Receipt.

 

Add Contacts quickly in Outlook 2007
From an open email message, you can add the name and email address of the sender to your Contacts. Right-click the name of the sender in the message and click Add to Contacts in the menu that appears.

 

Use the Mini toolbar for speedy formatting
The Mini toolbar in Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook (2007) helps you to format selected text in these programs—you can work with fonts, alignment, bullets, and other features. The toolbar is semi-transparent when you select text in any of these programs. You can take your pointer to the toolbar and click the option that you want to use.

Change the Font size of your message list
Do you have to strain your eyes to read your email headers in Outlook 2003? Click on the View menu. Under Arrange by, select Current View, and then Customize Current View. Now click on Other Settings. Select Row Fonts and change the font to the one that you desire. Click OK.

E-mail signature in Outlook 
Go to the Tools menu and select Options. Under Options, click on the Mail Format tab. Go to the Signatures tab. Click New and type in a name for the new email signature you are creating. Click on Next. Type in your desired email signature; choose the font style and sizes. Click OK.       

 

Change meetings or events created in Outlook 2007
Once you’ve scheduled a meeting or event using Outlook 2007, you can change its subject, location or time if needed. This can be done for a standalone event, for a whole series of recurring events, or one event of a series of recurring events.

 

To change the time, location or subject of an individual event, you first need to open the event. Go to the Appointment tab and make the necessary changes. Click Save and Close.

 

If you’re working with a series of events or a recurring event; open the event. In the Open Recurring Item dialog box, select Open this occurrence if you want to make changes to only the current occurrence. Select Open the series if you want to make changes to the entire series. For only the current occurrence, make the necessary changes in the Appointment tab and click Save and Close. To make changes for the entire series, use the Appointment tab again to change the location, time or subject. Then, if you want to change the recurrence options as well, click Recurrence in the Options group of the same tab. Change the options as needed and click OK.

 

Add or delete holidays in Outlook 2007
You may like your Outlook 2007 Calendar to display holidays for the current year. You can do this for not only your own region, but also the region in which key business partners operate.

 

To add holidays, go to Tools, click Options, and then click Calendar Options. In Calendar Options, click Add Holidays. You will see a list of countries—click the check box next to each country whose holidays you want to display in your calendar. Click OK.

 

To delete holidays, click Calendar. On the View menu, go to Current View and click Events. You will see a list of holidays. Click the calendar icon next to each row that you want to delete. To select multiple rows, keep the CTRL key pressed and click each row. Click Delete when you have finished selecting.

 

Add RSS feeds in Outlook 2007
There are several ways in which you can add an RSS feed to Outlook 2007. If you use Internet Explorer 7, you will see the RSS feed icon next to the Home button on the browser. Clicking the RSS feed icon will display the list of available feeds on the Web page. Click the feed that you want to add.

 

You can also do this within Outlook 2007. In the Tools menu, click Account Settings. On the RSS Feeds tab, click New. The New RSS Feed dialog box will open. You can type the URL of the RSS feed here or use CTRL+C and CTRL+V to copy and paste the URL from the address bar of your browser. Click Add and then click OK.

 

If you receive an invitation to an RSS feed via e-mail, you can click Add this RSS Feed on the Reading Pane to add it. If you’ve opened the message, go to the Share tab and the Open group. Click Add this RSS Feed and then click OK.

Schedule a new meeting in Outlook 2007

In Outlook 2007, go to File, click New, and select New Meeting Request. Type appropriate descriptions in the Subject and Location boxes, and choose start and end times of the meeting using the Start Time and End Time lists. You can also type any information or attach files that you want to share with the recipients of the meeting request. For help with scheduling the best time for your meeting, go to the Meeting tab, and click Scheduling Assistant in the Show group. Then, click Add Others and select Add Others from Address Book. You can now search and select attendees and resources for the meeting, by going to the Select Attendees and Resources dialog box and entering the name of the person in the Search box. The results list will show the concerned people—you can click Required, Optional, or Resources and click OK. After this, the Suggested Times pane will show the best times for your meeting, that is, the times at which most attendees are available. You can also manually pick a time from the free/busy grid. Go to the Meeting tab and click Appointment in the Show group. Click Send.

 

Print your Contacts in Outlook 2007

Outlook 2007 gives you the option of printing out your list of Contacts in various styles—memo, visiting card, phone directory, small booklet or medium booklet. You can also customize these styles. You can print a single Contact, all your Contacts or some of them.

 

To print out all your Contacts, open the Contacts view, go to File and click Print. In the Print dialog box, select the style you want to print in using the Print Styles box. Click Define Styles to customize the printing style. Click OK to print, after setting the number of copies and other necessary options.

 

To print out some of your Contacts, open the Contacts view, go to the View menu, take your cursor to Current View and click Customize Current View. Click Filter and use the available options to narrow down the list of Contacts to only those that you want to print. Then, go to File, click Print and follow the same steps as above.

 

Redirect Incoming Email to your Mobile Phone

With Outlook 2007, you can redirect incoming email and calendar entries to your mobile phone, by configuring your Outlook Mobile Service account. To do this, you have to select the redirection conditions in Outlook Mobile Service. For this, go to Tools and click Options. On the Preferences tab, click Notifications under Mobile. Under Message Notifications, click the checkbox against Forward messages that meet all of the selected conditions. Select the conditions from those listed. In the Forward to mobile numbers box, type the mobile phone number(s) to which you want messages to be forwarded. Click OK.

 

Use Instant Search in Outlook 2007

You can quickly search for messages in Outlook. Click the folder you want to search in Mail. Type the text you want to search for in the Instant Search box. The Instant Search Results pane will display all messages that contain your search text.

 

Print an e-mail with attachment

Select the e-mail in the message list, but don’t open it. On the File menu, click Print. In Print options, click the Print attached files check box. Ensure that you don’t open the message when you want to print it, or the option to print the attachment will not be displayed.

 

Use Outlook 2007 to send a Word 2007 document for review

To e-mail a Word 2007 document for review, open and save the document and click Send for Review on the Quick Access Toolbar. A new e-mail message will open with the document attached; the default text in the message is "Please review the attached document". Make changes in the message if you want, type the addresses of the recipients in the To field of the message, and click Send.

 

Add commands to the Quick Access Toolbar

In Office 2007, you can customize the Quick Access Toolbar to contain your most frequently used commands. On the Ribbon, click the tab or group to display the command that you want. Right-click the command and click Add to Quick Access Toolbar.